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Sharks and Rays

How to Identify a Mermaid’s Purse

March 9, 2020 By Sarah Varian

Undulate-Ray-Eggcase

Collecting and identifying mermaids’ purses on the shoreline can be a fun activity for the whole family, and although some skate and ray eggcases can be difficult to identify, there are a number of species that can be easily recognized without the eye of a specialist. 

In fact, mermaid’s purse spotting is fast becoming a popular beachcombing activity around the world, with citizen scientists discovering new nursery areas for threatened species of shark and ray in places we never knew existed!    

If you would like to learn how to identify a mermaid’s purse, we recommend you take the following steps:

Step 1:  Gather the tools that will help you to examine the eggcase more closely.

Step 2:  Get to know the size, shape and form of the eggcase so that you can describe it effectively.

Step 3:  Find a species identification guide or key that is right for you and your region so that you can match your eggcase with the correct description.

Step 4:  Verify your species ID by sending your results to marine biologists in a local mermaid’s purse sightings scheme.

Step 1: Gathering the eggcase examination tools

If possible, have the following tools handy while you are examining your eggcase as they will help you to identify your mermaid’s purse to species level, especially while you are learning.

  • Ruler or measuring tape
  • Bowl of water (tap water or seawater, either will do)
  • Notepaper and pen
  • Camera
Ruler or measuring tape

It’s important to be able to measure the length of the eggcase as some species look similar in shape and form but differ in size. 

If you are out in the field and don’t have a ruler, don’t worry as you can use a reference to an object that has a standard size.  For example, a photograph of an eggcase along side an adult’s foot or hand can provide an indication of length. 

A Small Spotted Catshark eggcase (also known as the Lesser Spotted Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula) is roughly the length of an adult’s little finger or pinky, whereas a Bull Huss catshark’s eggcase (also known as the Nursehound or Greater Spotted Dogfish, Scyliorhinus stellaris) is much larger and runs the length of an adult’s middle finger. 

  • Small Spotted Catshark eggcase
  • Bull Huss eggcase
Bowl of water

The Shark Trust recommend that you soak the mermaids’ purses in water for a couple of hours before examining them, as it can be easier to view the eggcase features this way.  This is especially useful if you are finding it difficult to confirm species identification for eggcases that are damaged or in bad condition.

You’ll see that the eggcase expands quite a bit once it has been soaked and the features appear more well defined.  The capsule will also feel softer and more pliable.  

Once you have become more experienced and have identified numerous shark and skate species, you’ll probably find that you won’t need to soak the eggcases very often as you’ll be able to identify species more easily.

Notepaper and pen

It’s useful to record your observations on paper, although you can also make a note on a smartphone if you prefer.  Make sure that you keep a back up of your records though if you’re using a smartphone, either on a digital cloud or as a hard copy.  This is especially important if you’re keeping detailed records of eggcase numbers for a citizen science survey.    

Camera

It’s helpful to have a photograph of the eggcase that you can use as a reference later on.  It will help you to recognize the species if you see it again when beachcombing.  You’ll also need to send a photograph of the eggcase to marine biologists if you would like to verify your species identification with a local mermaid’s purse sightings scheme. 

Step 2: Getting to know the size, shape and form of the eggcase

When you are learning how to identify mermaids’ purses, you will first need to become familiar with their shape, size and form, as these are the features that we use to distinguish species. 

Take a look at the diagram below which shows the shape and structure of a typical eggcase:

Mermaids-Purse-Diagram-SarahMolloy-MarineDimensions
Mermaid’s purse diagram. Artwork: Sarah Molloy

You’ll see that the pod has some distinctive features, some of which appear to be quite technical, but don’t worry too much about this as the biology is really very simple.  There are just a few scientific terms to learn and these are translated and explained below.

Eggcase horns and tendrils

The first thing to note are the horns and/or tendrils on the eggcase as these can be used to distinguish the difference between purses laid by egglaying rays, skates and sharks. 

If the egg has been produced by a skate or ray, you’ll generally see two spikes or horns at either end of the central capsule (where the embryo is housed).  These are used to anchor the purse in the soft seafloor nursery habitat of the flat sharks and rays. 

A Spotted Ray eggcase (Raja montagui). Photo credit: Sarah Varian

If the mermaid’s purse has been laid by a shark (eg. a Catshark, Swell Shark or Horn Shark), the eggcase is more likely to possess curly tendrils that can be used to wrap around seaweed fronds.

Bull Huss (Scyliorhinus stellaris) catshark eggcases. Photo credit: Sabine Springer

This allows the female to securely attach the egg to seaweed in rocky shore shark nursery habitats while the embryo is developing.

A Draftboard Shark (or Swell Shark, Cephaloscyllium laticeps) with an eggcase attached to seaweed in Tasmania, Australia.

Eggcase shape

There are also some mermaid’s purse capsules that have quite an unusual shape.  For example, Horn Shark eggcases have a distinctive corkscrew shape which allows the female shark to wedge the eggs into rock crevices.  Horn sharks are a common family (Family Heterodontidate) of egg-laying sharks found around the coasts of Australia and California in North America.  

A Horn Shark emerging from its eggcase in Monterey Bay Aquarium in California, USA.

Eggcase keels

The structure of the mermaid’s purse capsule can also be used to identify some species. For example, the Thornback Ray (Raja clavata) eggcase in the north east Atlantic has a narrow ridge or lateral keel along the edge of its capsule, whereas the Spotted Ray (Raja montagui) eggcase lacks this feature.

Eggcase fields

Take a look at the proximal and distal fields too.  

These fields can sometimes possess a distinctive shape which can be useful when identifying species.  For example, the Blonde Ray has a large distal field. 

The word proximal comes from the Latin word that means close to, while distal can be translated as meaning further away from.  Biologists use the Latin language quite a lot to describe animals and plants. 

The proximal field refers to the area at the top of the eggcase which is close to the shark’s exit when it is hatching, whereas the distal field is the end that is furthest away from the embryo’s exit point.  The proximal, or anterior, end is also the first part of the eggcase to be formed while it is developing in the mother’s oviducal gland. 

Eggcase size

The size of the mermaid’s purse is also very important in the identification process, especially since there are quite a few species that produce eggcases that are very similar in appearance.  For example, the Undulate Ray and Spotted Ray can be very difficult to tell apart without an indication of size.  

Describing your eggcase

Now that you have got a feel for the structure of an eggcase, you should be able to put together a description of any purses that you have found using the scientific terms outlined above.   

Have a go at answering the following questions and make a note of the description in your notepad:

  • Does the eggcase have horns or tendrils and if so, where are they located What shape are they? Are they long or short, thick or thin? 
  • Is the purse large or small?  What is the length of the capsule?
  • What shape is the capsule? Is it tubular, square or pear shaped?
  • Does the capsule have a lateral keel?
  • Are the proximal and distal fields large or small?

Once you have got a feel for these identification features, you can then refer to an Eggcase Identification Guide or Key that has been developed by specialists for species of shark and ray that inhabit your area of interest.

Step 3: Finding a species identification guide that is right for you and your region

There are some great resources that have been developed for citizen scientists interested in mermaids’ purses, but it’s important that you find the right species identification guide for your region, as there are many different species of egg-laying shark and ray around the world.   

We have listed the various resources available below so that you can download the guide that is most relevant for you.

If you can’t see your country or region of interest, it may be because there are no species identification guides available for citizen scientists in that part of the world at the present time.  Shark and ray eggcase species identification is a growing field of interest, especially in the world of citizen science, and so there are new education materials and identification guides being developed all the time.  

You may also find that some of the guides are quite technical as they have been developed for a reader with a scientific background in mind.  If you do not have a background in biology or are not comfortable with technical terms, we recommend that you stick with the citizen science materials for now.    

Please let us know if you are aware of a guide for a region of the world that hasn’t been mentioned in this article as we would love to include it here!  

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in Europe

North West Europe
Shark-Trust-Eggcase-Identification-Guide
Image credit: Marc Dando/Shark Trust

The Shark Trust in the UK has been developing very good identification. guides for sharks, skates and rays in the north east Atlantic for many years now, and we recommend downloading their resources if you are trying to identify mermaids’ purses in a European country with an Atlantic coastline. This includes an Eggcase Identification Guide and an Identification Key for North West Europe.   

Peter Bor’s website also provides pics of skate eggcases from Holland.  You can also check out Ireland’s egg-laying sharks and rays in our Ocean Animal Fact Files.  

Mediterranean Europe
Porcu-Mermaids-Purses-Central-West-Mediterranean
Image credit: Porcu et al (2007).

We haven’t been able to find any citizen science eggcase guides for Mediterranean species that have been developed with a public audience in mind.  However, If you’d like to delve deeper into some scientific studies, check out Cristina Porcu’s work in the Central West Mediterranean.  Herself and her team have described eggcases from skate species in Sardinia, providing detailed descriptions in a paper which was published in the Helgoland Journal of Research. 

Fabrizio Serena has also produced a field identification guide for sharks and rays in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, which includes photos of some eggcases (note that it’s quite a large document and you’ll need to skip right to the end of it to see images of eggcases).   

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in Africa

South Africa

ELMO-Shark-Ray-Eggcase-Identification-Guide-South-AfricaThe South African Elasmobranch Monitoring scheme (ELMO) have developed a useful shark and ray eggcase identification guide and key for citizen scientists identifying mermaids’ purses in South Africa.  The group also run a shark and ray eggcase sightings scheme for the region and you can report your sightings on their website.   

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in North America

USA and Canada – Northwest Pacific coastlines

Alaska-Eggcase-Identification-GuideGerald Hoff, a fisheries biologist in the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, has put together a nice species identification guide for shark and ray eggcases in Alaska.  The group are also interested in hearing about sightings of eggcases on beaches along the Northwest Pacific coastline in Oregon, Washington, Canada and Alaska.    

If you’re interested in delving deep into the scientific descriptions, check out Ebert et al’s paper on skate eggcases in the Eastern North Pacific. 

Canada – North West Atlantic coastlines

There are a number of research groups on Canada’s east coast who have been focusing on egg-laying sharks and rays. 

WWF Canada have produced a comprehensive Guide to Sharks, Skates, Rays and Chimaeras in Atlantic Canada which includes a key to shark and skate eggcases, while Jim Simon, a marine biologist in the Population Ecology Division in the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, has also developed a useful species identification key for skate eggcases in Nova Scotia.  

Marine biologist, Carolyn Miri, is also running a mermaid’s purse sightings scheme in the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in St. John’s.  

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in South America, Central America and the Caribbean

South West Atlantic coastlines 

We haven’t been able to find any eggcase identification guides pitched at citizen scientists in South America, Central America or the Carribbean.  However, Ezequiel Madragana and his team in the National University of Mar del Plata have published a useful scientific paper on the eggcases of sharks and rays in Argentina.  This study includes an identification key and descriptions of eggcases for a number of species in the South West Atlantic. Again, this is really for those of you who feel the urge to delve deep into the world of marine science!

A baby shark in its eggcase, which was filmed in deep water off Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands by a team of scientists from NOAA (Office of Ocean Exploration and Research).

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in Asia

According to Peter Bor, skate eggs are reasonably well studied in Japan.  His site provides a number of images of Japanese skate eggcases produced by Izumi Hanno.   You can also read about White Spotted Bamboo Shark eggcases in this article by the New England Aquarium. 

Identifying Mermaids’ Purses in Australia and New Zealand

Although we haven’t been able to find any identification guides specifically targeting a citizen scientist audience, there is an interesting article in the Australian Geographic by Angel Heathcote that describes some of the shark and ray eggcases in Australia.  Mark McGrouther in the Australian Museum has also written an informative article on the Port Jackson Shark which includes information gathered through citizen science sightings. 

A scientific paper by Treloar et al describes eggcases from egg-laying skates and rays in Southeastern Australia.  According to Peter Bor, Gilbert Whitley has also done great work on the Australian eggs of sharks, skates and elephant fish (Holocephali).

Although there appears to be little information available online for mermaids’ purses in New Zealand, you can view images of eggcases from some shark and ray species on The Otago Museum’s website.    

Step 4:  Verifying your species ID with a local shark eggcase sightings scheme

Purse-Search-logo-Marine-DimensionsOnce you are happy that you have identified your mermaids purse samples, you can then verify your species identification by contacting the Shark and Ray Eggcase Sightings Schemes for your region.  Scientists will then include your record in their database so that it can inform fisheries conservation management for egglaying sharks and rays. 

You may also come across species that are difficult to identify, even for a specialist.  For example, the Undulate Ray and Spotted Ray eggcases in the north east Atlantic are very difficult to tell apart, especially when the eggcases are the same size.  You will most likely need the help of an expert to confirm identification for these species.  

It’s also good to get some guidance from a specialist, just to make sure that you are on the right track.  The marine biologists will likely give you some background information on the species that you have recorded too which makes it all the more interesting, and with time and practice, you may well become a bit of an expert too!

A Beachcomber’s Guide to Shells and other Wildlife Found on the Seashore

Filed Under: Sharks and Rays

What is a Mermaid’s Purse?

January 13, 2019 By Sarah Varian

catshark-embryo-mermaidspurse
A mermaid’s purse is a tough leathery pouch that protects a developing shark or skate embryo. This purse contains a baby catshark. Photo credit: Alice Wiegand.

If you’ve ever been beachcombing you’ve probably wondered what those little black things washed up on the strand line are.   Although frequently mistaken for seaweed, these tough little pouches are actually designed to protect baby sharks and rays!

Although most sharks and rays give birth to live young or pups, some sharks and skates lay eggs which are surrounded by a tough protective casing.  These eggcases can often be seen washed up on beaches and are sometimes referred to as mermaids’ purses.  The purses are initially laid by the adult female in a suitable habitat on the seafloor, with the young embryo developing from the egg within the case for up to 15 months. The baby shark or skate then hatches out of the purse and swims away, leaving the discarded eggcase behind it.

Sightings of mermaids’ purses on beaches and underwater can be used by marine biologists to map nursery areas for shark and ray species, some of which may be endangered or rare.  If you have seen an eggcase, you could help to make a difference for vulnerable species by reporting your sighting to your local citizen science sightings scheme.  Your sighting could help to gather crucial information necessary for fisheries conservation management.

What does a mermaid’s purse look like? 

Mermaids’ purses can sometimes be mistaken for seaweed on the seashore as the small black or brown pods can look like the air bladder of some common brown seaweeds.  However, on closer inspection you will see that the pod has distinctive spikes or curly tendrils at either end of the capsule.  We can use the shape and size of these features to determine which fish species has laid the egg.

Spotted-Ray-eggcase-mermaidspurse
A discarded Spotted Ray (Raja montagui) eggcase on a beach in the west of Ireland. Photo credit: Sarah Varian / Marine Dimensions.

Square or rectangular purses with spikes at either end are generally laid by skates and rays.  These horns help to anchor the purse to the soft sediment of the seafloor, which may be sand, mud or gravel, depending on the fish’s nursery habitat preference.

Tubular eggcases with curly tendrils at either end are usually laid by catshark species.  The female uses these strings to attach the purse to seaweed in the shark nursery area.

lesser-spotted-dogfish-catshark-eggcase-mermaidspurse
A Lesser Spotted Dogfish purse (Scyliorhinus canicula), a common species of catshark found in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Photo credit: Sarah Varian / Marine Dimensions.

Many aquariums display shark and ray nurseries with mermaids’ purses containing live embryos.  Check out our video of Lesser Spotted Dogfish (also known as Small Spotted Catshark) embryos in Galway Atlantaquaria in Ireland.  You can see the babies wiggling their tails to replenish the oxygen in their purses.

How long do the shark and skate embryos stay in the mermaid’s purse for?  

The embryo develops from the egg in its purse obtaining nourishment from the yolk sac as it develops.  The time spent in the egg by the embryo depends on the species.  Some, like the rare and critically endangered White Skate, may stay in the pod for as long as 15 months!  Other species may be ready to hatch after a few months.  All species remain in the purse until the baby is ready to live life independently in the ocean without any care from its parents.

How does the baby shark or ray hatch out of the purse?

When the baby shark or ray is hatching, it squeezes out of the top of the eggcase through a narrow slit between the horns or tendrils.  This opening may be difficult to see if you find the purse on the seashore when it has already dried out.  There may also be holes in the side of the capsule from wear and tear or from predators scavenging on the shoreline.  If you would like to view the hatchling slit, try soaking the eggcase in water for a couple of hours so that it becomes soft and pliable.  Then squeeze the sides of the purse gently with your thumb and forefinger and you will see the purse exit opening at one end.

Where is the best place to find a mermaid’s purse?

Mermaids’ purses are frequently washed up on beaches by the surf and rising tide, and you can often find them tangled up in seaweed on the strand line.  The smaller eggcases are also frequently blown by the wind and deposited right at the back of the beach, sometimes even as far as the sand dunes.  So if you’re searching a beach for shark, skate and ray eggcases, try to focus your efforts on the space in and around the high tide mark, as this area will most likely yield the best results!

What should I do if I find a mermaid’s purse on the beach?  Will the baby still be alive inside the purse?

If you are beachcombing after a particularly bad storm, it might be possible for you to come across a mermaid’s purse that still has a living embryo inside it.  However, this is very unusual.  Only embryos with eggs in sealed eggcases, generally in the early stages of development, are able to survive on the shoreline in their purses which contain all the nutrients they need.   After some time developing in the eggcase, most shark and skate embryos rely on flushing oxygen-rich seawater into the purse with their tails or wings through slits in the case.  Without this oxygen, they die.  This is why the baby sharks can be seen wiggling their tails!

Most of the time you’ll find empty purses that have been discarded by fish that have already hatched and are now living life as young fish in the sea.  You may also come across eggcases which contain dead embryos which have most likely died due to lack of oxygen as a result of being stranded on the beach.

Check out this video of a catshark embryo which was found on the seashore in Ireland by two of our work placement students after a particularly bad storm!

How to know if the fish is still alive in the purse:

  • If you have found a live catshark embryo, you will most likely see the fish moving inside the eggcase as the capsule wall is translucent.  You’ll be able to see through the purse.
  • It’s more difficult to see the skate and ray embryos in their purses as the eggcase walls are thicker and more opaque.  You may need to hold the purse up to the light to see whether there is something inside.
  • If the shark or ray is dead it is less likely that you’ll be able to see it clearly as the fish will probably have already started decomposing.

If you think the baby shark or ray may still be alive in its purse, carefully place it back in the sea in an area that is away from the surf and below the shoreline or tidal zone if possible.  Remember to stay safe and follow the Seashore Code at all times when you are beachcombing.

How to preserve Mermaids’ Purses

If you are sure that there is no live embryo in the eggcase and you would like to preserve it, the first thing you need to do is make sure that the purse is clean and dry. To dry the purse you should put it somewhere warm, eg. on a sunny window sill.  Once dry, you can then store the eggcase in a container or a reusable plastic bag.  The eggcase is made of collagen, a tough and durable protein which will not decompose for many years if stored in a dry environment.

If you’re storing the specimen with a view to passing it on to a marine biologist, be sure to label the sample with the date and the location of your sighting.  Some of the schools that we visit on our seashore safaris also like to display the eggcases on their nature table.  If you’re feeling creative mermaids’ purses make great necklace pendants too!

Related Questions:

Are Great White Sharks born alive or from eggs?

About 40% of shark species lay eggs on the seafloor with a protective mermaid’s purse.  Other shark species give birth to live pups, which is unusual for fish in general as it is generally the mammals in the animal kingdom which produce live young.  Great White Shark embryos hatch from an egg inside their mother, feeding on unfertilised eggs in the womb until it is time to give birth.  The baby sharks are then born as independent pups, ready to live life without any care from their parents.  Female Great Whites are believed to be pregnant for a year or more, giving birth to 2 to 12 pups every two or three years.

What is the difference between a skate and a ray?

The term ray is used in a fairly loose way to describe skates and true rays.  A true ray is a ray that gives birth to live pups, whereas a skate is a ray that lays eggs or mermaids’ purses on the seafloor.  So technically, a skate can be a ray and a ray can be a skate.  For example, a Thornback Ray (Raja clavata) is a type of egglaying skate, while the rare and critically endangered Flapper Skate may also be referred to as a ray.  This is a question that we get asked a lot when we’re reaching out at education events and it’s difficult not to give a confusing answer!

References

To make this article more readable we have linked through to sources of information in the text.

Identifying Shark and Ray Eggcases

Reporting your Mermaid’s Purse Sightings

What Can We Find on the Beach?

Filed Under: Frequently Asked Questions, Life in Our Oceans, Sharks and Rays

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